If you buy insurance with a premium, which two risk management strategies are being illustrated?

• A. Reduction and diversification
• B. Retention (active and funded) and transfer via the purchase of insurance
• C. Avoidance and acceptance
• D. Hedging and pooling

Answer: (B)

Paying an insurance premium shows two risk management moves at once. First, it transfers risk to another party—the insurer—so potential losses are borne by them in exchange for the premium. Second, it reflects funded retention: you commit resources now to cover future losses through the insurance arrangement, effectively funding how you will handle those losses if they occur. This duality—transferring risk to an insurer while using the premium to fund protection—captures both the transfer approach and the funded retention approach. The option isn’t about avoidance or acceptance of risk, nor about purely hedging or pooling in this direct sense, so those ideas don’t fit as neatly.